美国外交学会发布东亚大国竞争报告

 美国外交学会发布东亚大国竞争报告

作者:  来源:网络

美中之间的激烈竞争,有可能演变为军事冲突吗?前白宫国安会亚洲事务资深主任麦艾文近来撰写题为《东亚的大国对抗》(Major Power Rivalry in East Asia)的报告指出,美中之间的竞争变得更“军事化”,爆发武装冲突的风险升高,而台湾首当其冲。作为奥巴马政府时期、亚洲“再平衡”战略的设计师,麦艾文如何看待当前的亚太局势?他4月9日接受自由亚洲电台记者郑崇生的专访,分享他的观点,也给拜登政府支招。

点击这里下载英文报告



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报告《东亚的大国对抗》封面


记者:这些年来,亚洲的地缘政治环境有什么样的转变?在东亚,我们可能会见到第三次世界大战的爆发吗?

麦艾文:我并不是非常担心东亚爆发第三次世界大战,但是,地缘政治的变化也是非常快的。当然,现在有新冠肺炎疫情,这影响到世界各国公卫体系与经济,而大国之间的竞争加剧,尤其不同的是美国与俄罗斯和中国之间的竞争升高。现在的大国竞争不同于50、60和70年代,现在的这个竞争是在一个国际秩序以规则为基础的时代里出现的,这是非常不同的。

还有一点很重要的就是,去全球化的压力,保护主义在世界各国兴起,这使得国际体系面临许多变化。这其中,对美国与中国来说,都构成了挑战,也有机遇。

记者:你在报告里说,现在的美中竞争,比冷战时期(美苏竞争)的挑战更为严峻。理由何在?美国要如何确保自己能持续胜出?

麦艾文:因为比起俄罗斯,中国是一个更为复杂的挑战者。在冷战期间,(美苏的)竞争主要是意识形态和安全上的;而在美中竞争里,不仅有安全上的、还有某种程度上的意识形态竞争,而且还有经济和科技上的。而中国作为世界第二大经济体,又已深度与世界其他各国整合,它是比俄罗斯更强大的竞争者。因此,美国要拥有能改变中国行为的影响力,比过去更艰难。我认为,中国也知道这一点。

美中经济会有选择性地疏离

问:你在报告里用了相互依存(interdependence)来形容美中经济关系,而许多人则是用美中脱钩、或是有选择性的脱钩。你如何看待美中经济关系的未来?

麦艾文:我的观点是,美中两国经济上的“完全脱钩是极不可能的”。事实上,前总统川普政府时期的许多官员也公开说,美国从来没有要追求全面脱钩。而我说“相互依存”的意思是,在日益激烈的战略竞争格局中,包括美国、美国政府、美国企业与美国消费者可能都不得不做出一些选择,有一些还可能是代价高昂的。一些关键领域会因为地缘政治的竞争而被卷入。因此,我们会看到美、中两国因为国家安全的因素而“有针对性与选择性的脱钩”,我会说,随着竞争的加剧,双方会在“经济上疏离”(economic disengagement)。

美中安全竞争台湾首当其冲

问:在报告里,你特别提醒美国的决策者要关注美中之间的竞争变得更军事化,爆发武装冲突的风险升高,你还把台湾列在可能的冲突引爆点首位,其他还包括南海、朝鲜半岛与东海。你觉得美国有必要在台湾议题上调整自身的“战略模糊”策略吗?如果要朝战略清晰的方向调整,又该清晰到什么程度?

麦艾文:我觉得根本问题还是在美国的威慑能力。美国需要仔细检视(中国在台海上造成)挑战的性质,然后双管齐下,确保调整自己在军事上和外交上的准备与态势,是能应对中国这种挑战的。美国还需要非常仔细地审视台湾面临的安全挑战的性质。

有些人非常关注中国可能全面入侵台湾,但我更关注的是中国对台湾的胁迫越来越大且多元,包括在台海频繁的军事活动、外交空间的压缩、甚至是假信息与政治上的操控等。我认为,美国应该更广泛的厘清这些问题,也就是要如何威慑并回应中国这些对台威胁,最大程度地减少中国胁迫与侵略台湾的机会。这部分还需要美国与台湾讨论如何在台湾社会中建立更强的抵御能力,包括在经济上与军事上的,才能让台在面临中国胁迫时,不那么脆弱。

问:你还提到一个美中可能的军事冲突场景,就是在台湾海峡周边发生意外,这要如何避免?

麦艾文:这需要美中两军之间以非常明确且坦诚的方式进行对话。如果美中两国在台湾海峡发生类似2001年的南海EP-3撞机意外,结果可能会比2001年更不稳定。我担心的不只是意外,还有误判情势。中国误解美国或台湾的意志,或是误以为美国或台湾试图以某种方式越界,或是美国或台湾对中国的行动有所回应,中国却没能理解。误判和意外都让我担忧。

问:谢谢你接受我的访问。

麦艾文:不客气。

Overview

What idea—or set of ideas—will drive national security policy under the Joe Biden administration? The Donald Trump administration defined great power competition as the organizing principle of U.S. national security policy, framing the U.S.-China relationship in terms of strategic competition. The Biden administration’s early statements and actions indicate it has accepted this frame—but that its policies toward China will differ substantially from its predecessors.

How the Biden administration will actually pursue such competition with China is now a paramount question. The United States’ core challenge right now is to not only deter a range of China’s behaviors but also avoid catastrophic conflict—while still advancing U.S. economic interests. Biden’s advisors have previously written about pursuing a policy of “competitive coexistence” with China, but how to achieve such a delicate balance remains an open question.

Policymakers and analysts need to devote more energy and time to identifying and weighing risks of strategic competition—bilaterally, regionally, and globally—before determining the risks and costs the United States and its allies can and should assume to shape and deter China without provoking armed conflict. In other words, conflict prevention is only becoming more central to U.S.-China relations as competition becomes the defining frame for U.S. policy.

The U.S.-China relationship currently finds itself in a precarious state, and U.S.-China competition is intensifying: in particular, the relationship is assuming an overtly ideological dimension, which will only accentuate distrust and deepen the interest-based competition on both sides. Several immediate conflicts—including Taiwan and maritime disputes—could escalate. These issues also exist against the background of an accelerating arms race between the U.S. and Chinese militaries in the western Pacific.

Even if the Biden administration adopts a less overtly confrontational approach toward China, the risks of conflict are real and growing. Henry Kissinger famously stated in 2019 that the U.S. relationship with China was “at the foothills of a Cold War.” Kissinger would perhaps modify that claim today—namely, to say that the U.S.-China relationship is now beyond the foothills and into more treacherous mountain terrain. As U.S. and Chinese policymakers move into such terra incognita, they will need to embrace the daunting challenge of revitalizing the existing tools for managing distrust, reducing the risks of accidents and miscalculations, and generally curbing intensifying U.S.-China competition.

The discussion papers in this series explore how to promote a stable and mutually beneficial relationship among the major powers that can in turn provide the essential foundation for greater cooperation on pressing global and regional challenges.

This Discussion Paper was made possible by a grant from Carnegie Corporation of New York. The statements made and views expressed are solely the responsibility of the author.

来源时间:2021/4/11   发布时间:2021/4/11

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