美国政府发布2018年国家安全战略报告

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19/12/2017
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作者：来源：白宫网站

　　海外网12月19日电美国时间18日下午，特朗普政府公布特朗普任内首份国家安全战略报告。报告指出，美国国家安全战略将保卫国家，促进和平，扩大美国的影响力。美国将依靠自己的能源优势来保持国际市场的开放，美国不会再容忍贸易上的混乱，同时美国必须重新思考过去将竞争对手看作值得信任的伙伴的政策。需要特别指出的是，这是美国总统特朗普任期内第一次公布其国家安全战略政策。
　　在美国时间17日下午的吹风中，白宫官员介绍称，特朗普本人对此份国家安全战略报告十分满意，因此决定将在报告公布前，专门发表演讲。白宫官员还表示，特朗普政府在执政第一年即推出国家安全战略、总统亲自出面发表演讲介绍报告，这些都不是常规举动。据介绍，特朗普本人和总统国家安全事务助理麦克马斯特亲自要求并推动该报告在执政首年推出，报告准备工作长达11个月，期间美国国安委、白宫国家经济委员会、内阁各部门展开了密切合作。
　　北京时间18日，在外交部发言人华春莹主持的例行记者会上，有记者提问，“据报道，美方将发表新的国家安全战略，将指出中国在贸易、外交和安全等领域是竞争对手。中方对此有何评论？”华春莹表示，“作为原则，鉴于美国的重要性，以及中美同为两个大国和安理会常任理事国这一事实，我们希望美国国家安全战略能为促进世界和平与稳定发挥建设性作用，为增进中美战略互信，共同维护国际和平与安全作出贡献。”
　　同时她还指出，“众所周知，中国改革开放三十多年来，走出了一条发展自己、惠及世界的合作共赢之路，这是国际社会的广泛共识。大量的事实证明，中美经贸关系的本质是互利共赢的。我可以给你几个数字：2016年，中美双边贸易额超过5500亿美元，双向投资超过2000亿美元，中美经贸关系直接或间接支持了260万个美国就业岗位，在华投资的美国企业2015年利润达到362亿美元。根据中共十九大的战略部署，中国将继续实施高水平的贸易和投资自由化、便利化政策。这将为中美经贸关系进一步朝着动态平衡和互利双赢的方向健康发展，推动中美经贸合作向更大规模、更高水平、更宽领域迈进注入新的强劲动力。我们愿与美方共同努力，致力于建立强劲、稳定和健康的经济关系，相信这符合中美两国和两国人民的共同利益，也是国际社会的共同期待。”
美国新国安战略称中国为竞争对手，无法律效力但体现政府考量（央视新闻，2017年12月19日）
　　1986年以来，美国国会要求每一位总统都为国家安全，制定一个明确的计划。除了指导国家安全战略，这份报告还向美国的盟友和对手，提供了关于美国目标的清晰信号，因此受到外界的广泛关注。
　　美国当地时间18日，北京时间今天凌晨，美国总统特朗普发布了他上台后的首份《国家安全战略报告》。特朗普在演讲中将中国和俄罗斯定位美国的对手国家（rival powers），而在报告的文本中，将中国定位为美国“战略上的竞争对手”，但并没有完全排除同中国合作的可能性，特别是在朝鲜核问题上，美国需要中国，也将同中国继续开展合作。同时还表示将着重在经贸、投资等问题上加强对美国经济利益的保护力度。
　　强调“四个核心国家利益”
　　美国白宫刚刚发布的新版《国家安全战略报告》长达68页，是奥巴马政府时期的两倍。报告基于“有原则的现实主义”，共强调了“四个核心国家利益”，其中包括保护美国人民和国土安全、促进美国繁荣、以力量求和平、以及增加美国影响力。报告不仅阐述了美国同国际伙伴开展互利合作的框架，而且也涉及了美国在全球范围内的战略威胁和挑战。
　　更加聚焦美国国土安全和边境问题
　　与此前美国国家安全战略报告不同的是，新版报告更加聚焦于美国国土安全和边境问题，着重提出保护美国科技创新生态系统，并根据欧洲、中东、亚洲、“印太”等地区角度，调整美国国家战略。
　　新版美国国家安全战略报告认为，美国已经进入竞争的新时代，美国当前所处的世界正迎来更激烈的竞争，美国必须在竞争的世界中保护国家利益。报告称，美国的根本责任是保护美国人民和国土安全。除了传统上加强边境管理和移民政策之外，还将增进在网络安全领域的建设。报告强调，美国的经济安全是国家安全的重要组成部分，美国将与各国打造公平、互惠的经济关系，并利用其能源优势来确保国际市场的开放。
　　除恐怖组织外朝鲜伊朗是“主要威胁”
　　与此同时，报告还列出了美国国家安全所面临的主要威胁，除了国际恐怖组织外，还包括试图改变国际秩序现状的“修正主义国家”，以及朝鲜和伊朗。然而，在新版报告中，特朗普政府并没有把气候变化列为国家安全威胁的行列。
　　特朗普：“美国优先”是基本准则
　　当天，特朗普就新版《国家安全战略报告》发表讲话称，自己始终将“美国优先”作为基本准则，并提升美国在国际上的影响力。
　　特朗普说：“无论你喜欢与否，这份战略报告表明了我们已经进入竞争的新时代。我们必须承认强大的军事实力，经济实力和政治竞争力在世界上的重要作用。”
　　白宫官员：特朗普对报告十分满意
　　据白宫官员此前在吹风会上的介绍，特朗普本人对此份国家安全战略报告十分满意，因此决定将在报告公布前，专门发表演讲。
　　白宫官员还表示，特朗普政府在执政第一年即推出国家安全战略、总统亲自出面发表演讲介绍报告，这些都不是常规举动。据介绍，特朗普本人和总统国家安全事务助理麦克马斯特亲自要求并推动该报告在执政首年推出，报告准备工作长达11个月，期间美国国安委、白宫国家经济委员会、内阁各部门展开了密切合作。
　　未来几个月，白宫还将以该报告为基础，先后推出国家防务战略、国家反恐战略、国家生物防御战略、核态势评估、导弹防御系统评估等数份报告。
　　报告不具法律效力但体现政府考量
　　此前，美国总统国家安全事务助理麦克马斯特表示，新版美国国家安全战略是对之前几十年美国外交政策的“重大反思”，也将为美国恢复战略信心奠定基础。然而，不少美国战略界人士则质疑，此份报告是否真的会给美国外交政策带来大的改变。
　　有分析称，尽管报告本身不具备法律效力，但是可以看出特朗普政府在国家安全战略目标、手段和途径等要素上的重要考量。
　　【新闻多看点】
　　中国外交部回应：中美经贸关系的本质是互利共赢
　　在美国这份最新版的国家安全战略今天凌晨发布之前，其中的部分内容已被一些媒体提前披露。针对记者问及美国将中国定位战略竞争者，中国外交部发言人华春莹在昨天的例行记者会上表示，鉴于美国的重要性，以及中美同为两个大国和安理会常任理事国这一事实，中方希望美国国家安全战略能为促进世界和平与稳定发挥建设性作用，为增进中美战略互信、共同维护国际和平与安全作出贡献。
　　华春莹指出，众所周知，中国改革开放三十多年来，走出了一条发展自己、惠及世界的合作共赢之路，这是国际社会的广泛共识。大量的事实证明，中美经贸关系的本质是互利共赢的。2016年，中美双边贸易额超过5500亿美元，双向投资超过2000亿美元，中美经贸关系直接或间接支持了260万个美国就业岗位，在华投资的美国企业2015年利润达到362亿美元。
　　华春莹强调，根据中共十九大的战略部署，中国将继续实施高水平的贸易和投资自由化、便利化政策。这将为中美经贸关系进一步朝着动态平衡和互利双赢的方向健康发展，推动中美经贸合作向更大规模、更高水平、更宽领域迈进注入新的强劲动力。我们愿与美方共同努力，致力于建立强劲、稳定和健康的经济关系，相信这符合中美两国和两国人民的共同利益，也是国际社会的共同期待。
　　（原题为《特朗普：美国已进入新时代，中国是竞争对手》）
延伸阅读：报告提到中国的部分段落

p21 "Every year, competitors such as China steal U.S. intellectual property valued at hundreds of billions of dollars. Stealing proprietary technology and early-stage ideas allows competitors to unfairly tap into the innovation of free societies. Over the years, rivals have used sophisticated means to weaken our businesses and our economy as facets of cyber-enabled economic warfare and other malicious activities. In addition to these illegal means, some actors use largely legitimate, legal transfers and relationships to gain access to fields, experts, and trusted foundries that fill their capability gaps and erode America’s long-ter m competitive adva nt ages. We must defend our National Securi Innovation Base (NSIB) against competitors. The NSIB is the American network of knowledge, capabilities, and people-including academia, National Laboratories, and the private sector-that turns ideas into innovations, transforms discoveries into successful commercial products and companies, and protects and enhances the American way of life. e genius of creative Americans, and the free system that enables them, is critical to American security and prosperity."
p22 "While maintaining an investor-friendly climate, this Administration will work with the Congress to strengthen the Commi ee on Foreign Investment in the United States (CFIUS) to ensure it addresses current and future national securi risks. e United States will prioritize counterintelligence and law enforcement activities to curtail intellectual property theft by all sources and will explore new legal and regulatory mechanisms to prevent and prosecute violations."
p25, leading under Pillar III, "Preserve Peace Through Strength: – "A central continuity in history is the contest for power. The present time period is no different. Three main sets of challengers-the revisionist powers of China and Russia, the rogue states of Iran and North Korea, and transnational threat organizations, particularly jihadist terrorist groups-are actively competing against the United States and our allies and partners. Although differing in nature and magnitude, these rivals compete across political, economic, and military arenas, and use technology and information to accelerate these contests in order to shift regional balances of power in their favor. These are fundamentally political contests between those who favor repressive systems and those who favor free societies. China and Russia want to shape a world antithetical to U.S. values and interests. China seeks to displace the United States in the Indo-Pacifi c region, expand the reaches of its state-driven economic model, and reorder the region in its favor. Russia seeks to restore its great power status and establish spheres of influence near its borders. The intentions of both nations are not necessarily fi xed. e United States stands ready to cooperate across areas of mutual interest with both countries. For decades, U.S. policy was rooted in the belief that support for China’s rise and for its integration into the post-war international order would liberalize China. Contrary to our hopes, China expanded its power at the expense of the sovereignty of others. China gathers and exploits data on an unrivaled scale and spreads features of its authoritarian system, including corruption and the use of surveillance. It is building the most capable and well-funded military in the world, after our own. Its nuclear arsenal is growing and diversi ing. Part of China’s military modernization and economic expansion is due to its access to the U.S. innovation economy, including America’s world-class universities."
p27 "In addition, after being dismissed as a phenomenon of an earlier century, great power competition returned. China and Russia began to reassert their infl uence regionally and globally. Today, they are fi elding military capabilities designed to deny America access in times of crisis and to contest our ability to operate freely in critical commercial zones during peacetime. In short, they are contesting our geopolitical advantages and trying to change the international order in their favor."
p28 "China, Russia, and other state and nonstate actors recognize that the United States often views the world in binary terms, with states being either "at peace" or "at war," when it is actually an arena of continuous competition."
p34 "Maintaining America’s central role in international financial forums enhances our security and prosperity by expanding a communi of free market economies, defending against threats from state-led economies, and protecting the U.S. and international economy from abuse by illicit actors."
p34-35 "Information Statecraft America’s competitors weaponize information to attack the values and institutions that underpin free societies, while shielding themselves from outside information. They exploit marketing techniques to target ind iv idua ls based upon t h e i r a c t i v it ie s , i n t e r e s t s , opinions, and values. They disseminate misinformation and propaganda. Risks to U.S. national security will grow as competitors integrate information derived from personal and commercial sources with intelligence collection and data analytic capabilities based on Artificial Intelligence (AI) and machine learning. Breaches of U.S. commercial and government organizations also provide adversaries with data and insights into their target audiences. China, for example, combines data and the use of AI to rate the loyal of its citizens to the state and uses these ratings to determine jobs and more. Jihadist terrorist groups continue to wage ideological information campaigns to establish and legitimize their narrative of hate, using sophisticated communications tools to a ract recruits and encourage a acks against Americans and our partners."
p38 "Today, the United States must compete for positive relationships around the world. China and Russia target their investments in the developing world to expand infl uence and gain competitive advantages against the United States. China is investing billions of dollars in infrastructure across the globe. Russia, too, projects its influence economically, through the control of key energy and other infrastructure throughout parts of Europe and Central Asia. e United States provides an alternative to state-directed investments, which often leave developing countries worse off. The United States pursues economic ties not only for market access but also to create enduring relationships to advance common political and security interests."
p41: "E N S U R E C O M M O N D O M A I N S REMAIN FREE: e United States will provide leadership and technology to shape and govern common domains-space, cyberspace, air, and maritime-within the framework of international law. The United States supports the peacef u l resolut ion of d is putes under international law but will use all of its instruments of power to defend U.S. interests and to ensure common domains remain free. P R O T E C T A F R E E A N D O P E N INTERNET: The United States will advocate for open, interoperable communications, with minimal barriers to the global exchange of information and services. e United States will promote the free flow of data and protect its interests through active engagement in key organizations, such as the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), the Internet Governance Forum (IGF), the UN, and the International Telecommunication Union (ITU)."
p46 "Although the United States seeks to continue to cooperate with China, China is using economic inducements and penalties, influence operations, and implied military threats to persuade other states to heed its political and security agenda. China’s infrastructure investments and trade strategies reinforce its geopolitical aspirations. Its efforts to build and militarize outposts in the South China Sea endanger the free fl ow of trade, threaten the sovereignty of other nations, and undermine regional stability. China has mounted a rapid military modernization campaign designed to limit U.S. access to the region and provide China a freer hand there. China presents its ambitions as mutually beneficial, but Chinese dominance risks diminishing the sovereignty of many states in the IndoPacific. States throughout the region are calling for sustained U.S. leadership in a collective response that upholds a regional order respectful of sovereignty and independence.
p47: "We will maintain our strong ties with Taiwan in accordance with our "One China" policy, including our commitments under the Taiwan Relations Act to provide for Taiwan’s legitimate defense needs and deter coercion."